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Publication: Salt and potassium intake among adult Ghanaians: WHO-SAGE Ghana Wave 3
Menyanu, E.K. Corso, B. Minicuci, N. Rocco, I. Russell, J. Ware, L.J. Biritwum, R. Kowal, P. Schutte, A.E. Charlton, K.E.
Menyanu, E.K.
Corso, B.
Minicuci, N.
Rocco, I.
Russell, J.
Ware, L.J.
Biritwum, R.
Kowal, P.
Schutte, A.E.
Charlton, K.E.
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Abstract
Though Ghana has high hypertension prevalence, the country lacks current national salt consumption data required to build and enhance advocacy for salt reduction. We explored the characteristics of a randomly selected sub sample that had valid urine collection, along with matched survey, anthropometric and BP data (n = 839, mean age = 60y), from the World Health Organization's Study on global AGEing and adult health (WHO-SAGE), Ghana Wave 3, n = 3053).
We also investigated the relationship between salt intake and blood pressure (BP) among the cohort. BP was measured in triplicate and 24 h urine was collected for the determination of urinary sodium (Na), potassium (K), creatinine (Cr) and iodine levels. Hypertension prevalence was 44.3%. Median salt intake was 8.3 g/day, higher in women compared to men (8.6, interquartile range (IQR) 7.5 g/day vs 7.5, IQR 7.4 g/day, p < 0.01), younger participants (18-49 y) compared to older ones (50+ y) (9.7, IQR 7.9 g/day vs 8.1, IQR 7.1 g/day, p < 0.01) and those with higher Body Mass Index (BMI) (> 30 kg/m2) compared to a healthy BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) (10.04, IQR 5.1 g/day vs 6.2, IQR 5.6 g/day, p < 0.01). More than three quarters (77%, n = 647) of participants had salt intakes above the WHO maximum recommendation of 5 g/d, and nearly two thirds (65%, n = 548) had daily K intakes below the recommended level of 90 mmol. Dietary sodium to potassium (Na: K) ratios above 2 mmol/mmol were positively associated with increasing BP with age. Population-based interventions to reduce salt intake and increase K consumption are needed.
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Date
2020-09-29
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BMC
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Keywords
24 h urine,Ghana,Hypertension,Potassium,Salt intake
Citation
Menyanu EK, Corso B, Minicuci N, Rocco I, Russell J, Ware LJ, Biritwum R, Kowal P, Schutte AE, Charlton KE. Salt and potassium intake among adult Ghanaians: WHO-SAGE Ghana Wave 3. BMC Nutrition. 2020;6(1):54. doi: 10.1186/s40795-020-00379-y.